4X1 Mux

4X1 Mux

A multiplexer or mux is a combinational circuit that selects several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input into a single output line. A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n selected lines, are used to select which input line to send to the output.

Code

module Mux(

    input a,b,c,d,

    input [1:0] s,

    output y

    );

    assign y = (s==2'b11)? a:

                  (s==2'b10)? b:

                          (s==2'b01)? c: d;

endmodule

Output

8 Bit Ripple Carry Addition Subtraction

8 Bit Ripple Carry Addition Subtraction

First we will make 1-bit full adder

/////Verilog code for 1-bit full adder

module full_adder(S, Cout, A, B, Cin);

output S, Cout;

input A, B, Cin;

wire w1,w2,w3;

xor(S,A,B,Cin);

and(w1,A,B);

and(w2,B,Cin);

and(w3,A,Cin);

or(Cout,w1,w2,w3);

endmodule

Now we will make 8-bit adder subtractor module

Note: 

=>>>  For addition put M=0

=>>> For subtraction put M=1

///// Verilog code for 8-bit adder subtractor 

module adder_8(S, Cout, A, B, M);

output wire[7:0] S;

output wire Cout;

input wire [7:0] A, B;

input wire M;

wire [7:0] R;

wire w1,w2,w3,w4,w5,w6,w7;

xor (R[0],B[0],M);

xor (R[1],B[1],M);

xor (R[2],B[2],M);

xor (R[3],B[3],M);

xor (R[4],B[4],M);

xor (R[5],B[5],M);

xor (R[6],B[6],M);

xor (R[7],B[7],M);

full_adder FA1(S[0],w1,A[0],R[0],M);

full_adder FA2(S[1],w2,A[1],R[1],w1);

full_adder FA3(S[2],w3,A[2],R[2],w2);

full_adder FA4(S[3],w4,A[3],R[3],w3);

full_adder FA5(S[4],w5,A[4],R[4],w4);

full_adder FA6(S[5],w6,A[5],R[5],w5);

full_adder FA7(S[6],w7,A[6],R[6],w6);

full_adder FA8(S[7],Cout,A[7],R[7],w7);

endmodule

//// Test bench for 8-bit adder subtractor module

module add_sub_8bit_tb;

// Inputs

reg [7:0] A;

reg [7:0] B;

reg M;

// Outputs

wire [7:0] S;

wire Cout;

// Instantiate the Unit Under Test (UUT)

adder_8 uut (

.S(S), 

.Cout(Cout), 

.A(A), 

.B(B), 

.M(M)

);

initial begin

// Initialize Inputs

A = 01111011;

B = 01111000;

M = 0;   //// M=0 for addition

#10   

A = 11111011;

B = 11111000;

M = 1;  //// M=1 subtraction

#10

A = 01000011;

B = 01101100;

M = 0;   //// M=0 for addition

#10

A = 11000011;

B = 01111111;

M = 1;   //// M=1 subtraction

// Wait 100 ns for global reset to finish

#10;

end    

endmodule

////// Output

8 Bit Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) using Full Adder As Basic Cell

An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many computers and other kinds of processors adders are used in the arithmetic logic units or ALU. They are also used in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate addresses, table indices, increment and decrement operators and similar operations.

Verilog Code for 1-bit full adder

module full_adder(sum, cout, in1, in2, cin);

output wire sum;

output wire cout;

input wire in1, in2, cin;

wire temp1, temp2, temp3;

xor(sum,in1,in2,cin);

and(temp1,in1,in2);

and(temp2,in1,cin);

and(temp3,in2,cin);

or(cout,temp1,temp2,temp3);

endmodule

Verilog code for 8-bit  RCA

module ripple_8(sum,cout,in1,in2,cin);

output wire[7:0] sum;

output wire cout;

input wire[7:0] in1,in2;

input wire cin;

wire c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6,c7;

full_adder FA1(sum[0],c1,in1[0],in2[0],cin);

full_adder FA2(sum[1],c2,in1[1],in2[1],c1);

full_adder FA3(sum[2],c3,in1[2],in2[2],c2);

full_adder FA4(sum[3],c4,in1[3],in2[3],c3);

full_adder FA5(sum[4],c5,in1[4],in2[4],c4);

full_adder FA6(sum[5],c6,in1[5],in2[5],c5);

full_adder FA7(sum[6],c7,in1[6],in2[6],c6);

full_adder FA8(sum[7],cout,in1[7],in2[7],c7); 

endmodule

Test Bench for 8-bit ripple carry adder

module rca_tb;
// Inputs
reg [7:0] in1;
reg [7:0] in2;
reg cin;

// Outputs
wire [7:0] sum;
wire cout;

// Instantiate the Unit Under Test (UUT)
ripple_8 uut (
.sum(sum), 
.cout(cout), 
.in1(in1), 
.in2(in2), 
.cin(cin)
);

initial begin
// Initialize Inputs
in1 = 01111011;
in2 = 01111000;
cin = 0;
#10
in1 = 11111011;
in2 = 11111000;
cin = 0;
#10
in1 = 01000011;
in2 = 01101100;
cin = 0;
#10
in1 = 11000011;
in2 = 01111111;
cin = 0;
// Wait 10 ns for global reset to finish
#10;
end
      

endmodule

Note: Execute all the codes at the same time

///Output 

Verilog code for full adder

Full  Adder

A full adder adds binary numbers and accounts for values carried in as well as out. A one-bit full-adder adds three one-bit numbers, often written as A, B, and Cin; A and B are the operands, and Cin is a bit carried in from the previous less-significant stage.The full adder is usually a component in a cascade of adders, which add 8, 16, 32, etc. bit binary numbers. The circuit produces a two-bit output. Output carry and sum typically represented by the signals Cout and S, where the sum equals

 2Cout + S.

A full adder can be implemented in many different ways such as with a custom transistor-level circuit or composed of other gates. One example implementation is with

 S = A ⊕ B ⊕ Cin and Cout = (A ⋅ B) + (Cin ⋅ (A ⊕ B))

Truth Table of Full Adder

A	B	Cin	S	Cout
0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0
0	1	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	0	1
1	1	1	1	1

Logic Diagram of Full Adder

S = A ⊕ B ⊕ Cin

Cout = (A ⋅ B) + (Cin ⋅ (A ⊕ B))

///Verilog code for full adder

module full_adder(sum, cout, in1, in2, cin);

output wire sum;
output wire cout;
input wire in1, in2, cin;
wire temp1, temp2, temp3;

xor(sum,in1,in2,cin);
and(temp1,in1,in2);
and(temp2,in1,cin);
and(temp3,in2,cin);
or(cout,temp1,temp2,temp3);

endmodule

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Output of full adder

Verilog Code for Half Adder

Verilog Code for Half Adder

 An adder is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. The half adder adds two binary digits called as augend and addend and produces two outputs as sum and carry; XOR is applied to both inputs to produce sum and AND gate is applied to both inputs to produce carry.

A	B	SUM	Carry
0	0	0	0
0	1	1	0
1	0	1	0
1	1	1	1

 

//Verilog code for half adder

Module Half_adder(SUM, Carry, A, B);

output SUM;

output Carry;

input A, B;

xor(SUM, A, B);

and(Carry, A, B);

endmodule;